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Dog Breed

Hokkaido

Breed Overview

Breed Name: Hokkaido

Origin: Japan (Hokkaido Island)

Breed Group: Not yet recognized by AKC (AKC Foundation Stock Service – Working Group)

Physical Characteristics

Size: Medium

Height: Male: 18–20 inches (46–51 cm), Female: 17–19 inches (43–48 cm)

Weight: Male: 45–65 lbs (20–30 kg), Female: 40–55 lbs (18–25 kg)

Coat Type: Thick, double coat (harsh outer coat, soft undercoat)

Coat Colors: Red, white, black, brindle, sesame, wolf-gray

Grooming Needs: Moderate (seasonal heavy shedding)

Shedding: High

Behavioral Traits

Temperament: Loyal, brave, alert, reserved, intelligent

Intelligence Level: High

Energy Level: Moderate to High

Health Information

Lifespan: 12–15 years

Common Health Issues: Collie eye anomaly, hip dysplasia, patellar luxation

Care

Nutrition Needs: High-quality, balanced diet; monitor weight due to dense build

Exercise Needs: Moderate to high – needs daily walks, play, and mental stimulation

Space Requirements: Best with a yard or access to outdoor space; may adapt to apartment life with enough activity

Noise Sensitivity: Moderate

Socialization and Training

Socialization Needs: High

Socialization Tips: Intelligent and eager, but strong-willed—needs consistent, firm, positive training

Good with Children: No, can be territorial or dominant

Good with Other Dogs: No, can be territorial or dominant

Good with Other Pets: No, high prey drive may lead to chasing small animals

Training: Intelligent and eager, but strong-willed—needs consistent, firm, positive training

Description

The Hokkaido, also known as the Hokkaido Ken or Ainu Dog, is a rare and ancient Japanese breed originally developed for hunting large game like bear and boar in harsh, mountainous climates. Known for their courage and loyalty, they are protective yet affectionate with family. The Hokkaido has a dense double coat that sheds heavily, especially seasonally, and requires regular brushing. They are intelligent and alert, but can be strong-willed, so training should start early with firm, positive reinforcement. With their moderate to high energy, they enjoy daily walks, games, and mentally engaging tasks.

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History

Origin: The Hokkaido, one of Japan's six native spitz breeds, has a history dating back nearly 8,000 years. Its ancestors likely originated from medium-sized Japanese dogs that accompanied the Ainu people from Honshu to Hokkaido during the Kamakura era (1140s) or earlier, during the Jomon period (14,000–300 BCE). These dogs were integral to the Ainu culture, serving as hunting companions for bear and deer, and as guardians of homes.
Development: Over time, the Hokkaido adapted to Hokkaido's harsh climate, developing thick coats, large paws, and robust features. They were highly valued for their loyalty, bravery, and hunting prowess. In 1869, British zoologist Thomas Blakiston referred to them as "Ainu Ken," reflecting their association with the indigenous Ainu people.
Global Spread: The Hokkaido remained relatively isolated until the 20th century, maintaining its genetic purity due to Hokkaido's geographical separation from mainland Japan. The breed gained international recognition after being featured in a Japanese commercial series in 2007, leading to increased popularity in Europe and North America.
Recognition: In 1937, the Hokkaido was designated a National Living Monument by the Japanese government, and its name was officially changed from "Ainu Ken" to "Hokkaido Ken". It is recognized by Nihon Ken Hozonkai (NIPPO), the primary registration service for Japan's native breeds.
Today, the Hokkaido is cherished for its historical significance and hunting abilities. Despite facing population crises, efforts are underway to preserve the breed. The Hokkaido Ken Hozonkai works to maintain its natural appearance and hunting performance through regular shows and bear instinct tests. The breed remains rare globally, with a small but dedicated following.

Dog Breed

Hokkaido

Breed Overview

Physical Characteristics

Behavioral Traits

Health Information

Care

Socialization and Training

Description

History

Ideal Owner

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